Data transformation: Advanced

Nicky Wakim

More advanced data transformations

We’ve learned some important functions for transforming data for row-wise and column-wise operations:
- filter() to filter rows
- select() to select columns
- mutate() to create new variables

This lesson will cover some more advanced techniques for transforming rows and columns:
- Combining conditions with &, |, and %in%
- Checking your work with arrange() and count()
- Working with factors
- Create new variables based on conditions
- Select columns by name pattern or data type

Combining conditions with `&`, `|`, and `%in%`

Applying relational operators to filter rows

Recall the infographic from the previous lesson (Key operators and functions):
We can use these logical operators to filter rows based on multiple criteria

A quick example

If we wanted to return participants who identified as diabetic but DO NOT have a Master’s degree
- We would use an & to chain these criteria together:

hrs_01_filter_diab_nMS = hrs_00 |>
  filter(diab == "Yes" & degree != "Master's degree")
tibble(hrs_01_filter_diab_nMS)

1: Think about which Venn Diagram this would represent (x & !y)

# A tibble: 567 × 32
   hhid   pn    id    diab  degree birthyr birthmo birthdate proxy coupled sex  
   <fct>  <fct> <chr> <fct> <fct>    <dbl>   <dbl>     <dbl> <fct> <fct>   <fct>
 1 551018 010   5510… Yes   Profe…    1970       1      3667 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 2 554874 010   5548… Yes   None      1963       5      1230 Resp… Couple… Male 
 3 550622 010   5506… Yes   Profe…    1969       5      3422 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 4 551973 010   5519… Yes   High …    1966      11      2510 Resp… Couple… Male 
 5 556364 010   5563… Yes   Assoc…    1944       4     -5770 Resp… Not a … Male 
 6 552323 010   5523… Yes   None      1951       1     -3153 Resp… Couple… Male 
 7 554006 010   5540… Yes   Assoc…    1949       2     -4003 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 8 555463 010   5554… Yes   None      1938       9     -7748 Resp… Couple… Fema…
 9 551767 010   5517… Yes   Assoc…    1969      10      3575 Resp… Not a … Fema…
10 551191 010   5511… Yes   Assoc…    1940      10     -7170 Resp… Not a … Fema…
# ℹ 557 more rows
# ℹ 21 more variables: age_mo <dbl>, age_yr <dbl>, ed <dbl>,
#   race_original <fct>, smoke_ever <fct>, smoke_now <fct>, drink <fct>,
#   height <dbl>, srh <fct>, act_vig <fct>, bp <fct>, cancer <fct>, lung <fct>,
#   hrt <fct>, strk <fct>, psych <fct>, sleep <fct>, arth <fct>,
#   cond_count <dbl>, cesd <dbl>, income <dbl>

Filtering with `&` (AND) criteria (1/2)

This relational operator & is used to filter rows that meet both criteria

If we want to filter for participants who identify as diabetic AND have a Master’s degree, we would use:

hrs_02_filter_diab_MS = hrs_00 |>
  filter(diab == "Yes" & degree == "Master's degree")
tibble(hrs_02_filter_diab_MS)

# A tibble: 102 × 32
   hhid   pn    id    diab  degree birthyr birthmo birthdate proxy coupled sex  
   <fct>  <fct> <chr> <fct> <fct>    <dbl>   <dbl>     <dbl> <fct> <fct>   <fct>
 1 554789 020   5547… Yes   Maste…    1950       7     -3153 Resp… Couple… Male 
 2 557423 010   5574… Yes   Maste…    1966       4      2296 Resp… Couple… Male 
 3 553480 010   5534… Yes   Maste…    1968      10      3210 Resp… Not a … Male 
 4 553443 020   5534… Yes   Maste…    1961       7       531 Resp… Couple… Fema…
 5 556536 010   5565… Yes   Maste…    1970       1      3667 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 6 555022 010   5550… Yes   Maste…    1971       4      4122 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 7 555951 010   5559… Yes   Maste…    1954      11     -1873 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 8 558663 010   5586… Yes   Maste…    1966      10      2479 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 9 553031 010   5530… Yes   Maste…    1970       4      3757 Resp… Not a … Fema…
10 553970 010   5539… Yes   Maste…    1967      12      2905 Resp… Couple… Male 
# ℹ 92 more rows
# ℹ 21 more variables: age_mo <dbl>, age_yr <dbl>, ed <dbl>,
#   race_original <fct>, smoke_ever <fct>, smoke_now <fct>, drink <fct>,
#   height <dbl>, srh <fct>, act_vig <fct>, bp <fct>, cancer <fct>, lung <fct>,
#   hrt <fct>, strk <fct>, psych <fct>, sleep <fct>, arth <fct>,
#   cond_count <dbl>, cesd <dbl>, income <dbl>

Filtering with `&` (AND) criteria (2/2)

Note that we could also use the comma in this case:

hrs_02_filter_diab_MS = hrs_00 |>
  filter(diab == "Yes",
         degree == "Master's degree")
tibble(hrs_02_filter_diab_MS)

1: Comma is equivalent to “&” within filter()

# A tibble: 102 × 32
   hhid   pn    id    diab  degree birthyr birthmo birthdate proxy coupled sex  
   <fct>  <fct> <chr> <fct> <fct>    <dbl>   <dbl>     <dbl> <fct> <fct>   <fct>
 1 554789 020   5547… Yes   Maste…    1950       7     -3153 Resp… Couple… Male 
 2 557423 010   5574… Yes   Maste…    1966       4      2296 Resp… Couple… Male 
 3 553480 010   5534… Yes   Maste…    1968      10      3210 Resp… Not a … Male 
 4 553443 020   5534… Yes   Maste…    1961       7       531 Resp… Couple… Fema…
 5 556536 010   5565… Yes   Maste…    1970       1      3667 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 6 555022 010   5550… Yes   Maste…    1971       4      4122 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 7 555951 010   5559… Yes   Maste…    1954      11     -1873 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 8 558663 010   5586… Yes   Maste…    1966      10      2479 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 9 553031 010   5530… Yes   Maste…    1970       4      3757 Resp… Not a … Fema…
10 553970 010   5539… Yes   Maste…    1967      12      2905 Resp… Couple… Male 
# ℹ 92 more rows
# ℹ 21 more variables: age_mo <dbl>, age_yr <dbl>, ed <dbl>,
#   race_original <fct>, smoke_ever <fct>, smoke_now <fct>, drink <fct>,
#   height <dbl>, srh <fct>, act_vig <fct>, bp <fct>, cancer <fct>, lung <fct>,
#   hrt <fct>, strk <fct>, psych <fct>, sleep <fct>, arth <fct>,
#   cond_count <dbl>, cesd <dbl>, income <dbl>

Filtering with `|` (OR) criteria

This relational operator | is used to filter rows that meet either criteria

If we want to filter for participants who identify as diabetic OR have a Master’s degree, we would use:

hrs_03_filter_diab_or_MS = hrs_00 |>
  filter(diab == "Yes" | degree == "Master's degree")
tibble(hrs_03_filter_diab_or_MS)

# A tibble: 1,120 × 32
   hhid   pn    id    diab  degree birthyr birthmo birthdate proxy coupled sex  
   <fct>  <fct> <chr> <fct> <fct>    <dbl>   <dbl>     <dbl> <fct> <fct>   <fct>
 1 558143 020   5581… No    Maste…    1973      10      5036 Resp… Couple… Male 
 2 554789 020   5547… Yes   Maste…    1950       7     -3153 Resp… Couple… Male 
 3 551018 010   5510… Yes   Profe…    1970       1      3667 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 4 556288 020   5562… No    Maste…    1952       9     -2664 Resp… Couple… Male 
 5 554874 010   5548… Yes   None      1963       5      1230 Resp… Couple… Male 
 6 551108 020   5511… No    Maste…    1970       7      3848 Resp… Couple… Male 
 7 556018 020   5560… No    Maste…    1969      12      3545 Resp… Couple… Male 
 8 559002 010   5590… No    Maste…    1969      10      3575 Resp… Not a … Fema…
 9 557423 010   5574… Yes   Maste…    1966       4      2296 Resp… Couple… Male 
10 553087 020   5530… Yes   <NA>      1957       2     -1050 Resp… Couple… Fema…
# ℹ 1,110 more rows
# ℹ 21 more variables: age_mo <dbl>, age_yr <dbl>, ed <dbl>,
#   race_original <fct>, smoke_ever <fct>, smoke_now <fct>, drink <fct>,
#   height <dbl>, srh <fct>, act_vig <fct>, bp <fct>, cancer <fct>, lung <fct>,
#   hrt <fct>, strk <fct>, psych <fct>, sleep <fct>, arth <fct>,
#   cond_count <dbl>, cesd <dbl>, income <dbl>

Filtering with `%in%` (1/2)

If we want to filter for multiple specific values in one column, we can use %in% instead of chaining several | conditions
Example: if we wanted participants whose degree was “GED”, “High school diploma”, or “None”, we could use:

hrs_04_filter_degree = hrs_00 |>
  filter(degree %in% c("GED", "High school diploma", "None"))
tibble(hrs_04_filter_degree)

1: %in% checks whether the value in degree matches any value in the vector we provide.

# A tibble: 1,014 × 32
   hhid   pn    id    diab  degree birthyr birthmo birthdate proxy coupled sex  
   <fct>  <fct> <chr> <fct> <fct>    <dbl>   <dbl>     <dbl> <fct> <fct>   <fct>
 1 555339 020   5553… No    High …    1966       7      2387 Resp… Couple… Fema…
 2 550516 010   5505… No    None      1960       1        14 Resp… Not a … Male 
 3 551238 010   5512… No    High …    1969      12      3636 Resp… Couple… Male 
 4 554874 010   5548… Yes   None      1963       5      1230 Resp… Couple… Male 
 5 551179 010   5511… No    None      1965       2      1931 Resp… Couple… Male 
 6 555578 020   5555… No    None      1967       8      2783 Resp… Couple… Fema…
 7 554670 020   5546… No    GED       1947      10     -4522 Resp… Couple… Fema…
 8 551973 010   5519… Yes   High …    1966      11      2510 Resp… Couple… Male 
 9 557680 020   5576… No    High …    1956       1     -1265 Resp… Couple… Male 
10 552323 010   5523… Yes   None      1951       1     -3153 Resp… Couple… Male 
# ℹ 1,004 more rows
# ℹ 21 more variables: age_mo <dbl>, age_yr <dbl>, ed <dbl>,
#   race_original <fct>, smoke_ever <fct>, smoke_now <fct>, drink <fct>,
#   height <dbl>, srh <fct>, act_vig <fct>, bp <fct>, cancer <fct>, lung <fct>,
#   hrt <fct>, strk <fct>, psych <fct>, sleep <fct>, arth <fct>,
#   cond_count <dbl>, cesd <dbl>, income <dbl>

Filtering with `%in%` (2/2)

The following code blocks are equivalent, but the first one is more concise and easier to read
With %in%:

hrs_00 |>
  filter(degree %in% c("GED", "High school diploma", "None"))

With | (OR):

hrs_00 |>
  filter(degree == "GED" | degree == "High school diploma" | degree == "None")

%in% is especially useful when you have many values to check within a single column

Checking your work with `arrange()` and `count()`

A good check that you are filtering correctly

Think about the number result you expect: Which of the AND vs. OR code blocks will return a larger number of participants?

You can check your work by using count() to see how many participants meet each criteria:

hrs_00 |>
  count(diab, degree)

   diab                              degree   n
1    No                 High school diploma 354
2    No                     Master's degree 385
3    No Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD) 157
4    No                                None 223
5    No                  Associate's degree 289
6    No                                 GED  85
7    No                   Bachelor's degree  96
8    No                                <NA> 404
9   Yes                 High school diploma 158
10  Yes                     Master's degree 102
11  Yes Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)  37
12  Yes                                None 161
13  Yes                  Associate's degree 122
14  Yes                                 GED  33
15  Yes                   Bachelor's degree  56
16  Yes                                <NA>  66

`arrange()` after `count()`-ing categorical data

Sometimes it helps to arrange by that category if you have many categories to view
This can also alert us if there are categorical coding mistakes (such as misspellings) in our data

hrs_00 |>
  count(degree) |>
  arrange(n)

                               degree   n
1                                 GED 118
2                   Bachelor's degree 152
3 Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD) 194
4                                None 384
5                  Associate's degree 411
6                                <NA> 470
7                     Master's degree 487
8                 High school diploma 512

Working with categorical data and factors

What are factors?

Factors are how R represents levels of categorical data

For the most part, you can use character and factors interchangeably for categorical data
- Characters are just strings of text, while factors are a special data type that R uses to store categorical data

However, there are two main differences:
- Factors define the permissible values in a vector with an argument called levels
- The levels define the order in which the permissible values are displayed, such as in a table or figure
- The default order of levels (values) is in alphanumeric order

Factors are the most useful data type for categorical data when you want to display your data!

Let’s say degree is a character variable

I’ve created an alternate dataset where degree is a character variable instead of a factor variable, called hrs_degree_chr

class(hrs_degree_chr$degree)

1: I’ll double check the data type of degree in this dataset

[1] "character"

hrs_degree_chr |> distinct(degree)

                               degree
1                                <NA>
2                 High school diploma
3                     Master's degree
4 Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)
5                                None
6                  Associate's degree
7                                 GED
8                   Bachelor's degree

The distinct values of degree are the same as in the original dataset, but they are not stored as a factor variable

I can make degree a factor variable

forcats is a package that has many useful functions for working with factors, including fct() to make a factor from a character variable
Below we use the fct() function within a mutate() to transform degree from a character variable into a factor variable

hrs_degree_fct <- hrs_degree_chr |> 
  mutate(degree_fct1 = fct(degree))

1: I typically name the new variable with a _fct suffix to indicate that it is a factor version of the original variable

Check the result:

class(hrs_degree_fct$degree_fct1)

2: What’s the data type of degree_fct1?

[1] "factor"

levels(hrs_degree_fct$degree_fct1)

3: What are its levels?

[1] "High school diploma"                 "Master's degree"                    
[3] "Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)" "None"                               
[5] "Associate's degree"                  "GED"                                
[7] "Bachelor's degree"

Change order of levels (1/2)

forcats is a package that has many useful functions for working with factors, including fct_relevel() to reorder factor levels

Example: Create degree_fct2 variable as a factor version of degree with degrees in “correct” order:

hrs_degree_fct_01_relevel <- hrs_degree_fct |> 
  mutate(degree_fct2 = fct_relevel(
    degree_fct1, 
    "None",
    "GED", 
    "High school diploma", 
    "Associate's degree", 
    "Bachelor's degree", 
    "Master's degree", 
    "Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)"
    ))

1: We are using fct_relevel() to reorder the levels of degree_fct1 into a new variable called degree_fct2
2: We specify the order of the levels in the order we want them to appear

Change order of levels (2/2)

Check the result:

class(hrs_degree_fct_01_relevel$degree_fct2)

1: What’s the data type of degree_fct2?

[1] "factor"

Then I want to check the levels of the new factor variable
- They should appear in the new order I set

levels(hrs_degree_fct_01_relevel$degree_fct2)

2: What are its levels?

[1] "None"                                "GED"                                
[3] "High school diploma"                 "Associate's degree"                 
[5] "Bachelor's degree"                   "Master's degree"                    
[7] "Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)"

Be careful: spelling/spacing is important (1/2)

If we try to use a factor level that doesn’t exist (“Associate degree” vs “Associate’s degree”), R will not throw an error, but it will silently drop that level from the factor variable

hrs_degree_fct_02_relevel <- hrs_degree_fct |> 
  mutate(degree_fct2 = fct_relevel( 
    degree_fct1, 
    "None", 
    "GED", 
    "High school diploma", 
    "Associates degree",
    "Bachelor's degree", 
    "Master's degree", 
    "Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)"
    ))

1: Notice that I misspelled “Associate’s degree” as “Associates degree” (no apostrophe). This will cause R skip it in the releveling
2: However, there is a warning that R shows in the console!

Be careful: spelling/spacing is important (2/2)

We can check the levels of the new factor variable to see the order “Associate’s degree” is missing

levels(hrs_degree_fct_02_relevel$degree_fct2)

[1] "None"                                "GED"                                
[3] "High school diploma"                 "Bachelor's degree"                  
[5] "Master's degree"                     "Professional degree (Ph.D./M.D./JD)"
[7] "Associate's degree"

Notice that “Associate’s degree” is at the end of the list of levels of degree_fct2 because it was misspelled in the fct_relevel() function

Make variables with `case_when()`

Artwork by @allison_horst

What does `case_when()` do?

case_when() is a function that allows us to create new variables based on conditions

Examples of what we might want to do with case_when():
- Categorize a continuous variable like income
- Combine categories of a variable like degree
- Convert categories to numeric

Using `case_when()` to create a new variables

The code follows a basic pattern for each category inside case_when():

new_data_frame <- old_data_frame |>
  mutate(
    new_variable = case_when(
      condition1 ~ "category1",
      condition2 ~ "category2", 
      condition3 ~ "category3"
      )
    )

1: We are using mutate() to create a new variable called new_variable
2: We are using case_when() to define the conditions for each category of the new variable
3: Each condition is followed by a ~ and the name of the category that we want to assign to that condition. Each condition-category pair is separated by a comma.

Categorize income into levels

Categorize the numeric variable income into two categories with $30,000 as the cutoff

hrs_05_income_fct <- hrs_00 |>
  mutate(
    income30 = case_when(
      income < 30000 ~ "<$30,000",
      income >= 30000 ~ "$30,000+"
      ) 
  )

1: We are using case_when() to create a new variable called income30
2: If income is less than $30,000, we assign the category “<$30,000” to income30
3: If income is greater than or equal to $30,000, we assign the category “$30,000+” to income30

We can check the result by counting the number of participants in each category:

hrs_05_income_fct |> count(income30)

  income30    n
1 $30,000+ 1771
2 <$30,000  957

Select columns by name pattern or data type

`tidyselect` functions to select columns by name pattern or data type

You may want to select multiple columns that have a similar name pattern, or select all columns of a certain data type (e.g., numeric, character, factor)

There are ways to select columns by “searching” for them
These are called {tidyselect} helpers

We’ll go over:
- contains()
- starts_with()
- ends_with()
- where()

`contains()`

contains() selects all columns that contain a certain string in their name
For instance, you can see how this might be useful, where we select all columns where the column name includes the word “race”:

hrs_00 |> 
  select(contains("race"))

              race_original
1                      <NA>
2           White/Caucasian
3                      <NA>
4           White/Caucasian
5    Black/African American
6           White/Caucasian
7    Black/African American
8    Black/African American
9           White/Caucasian
10                     <NA>
11                     <NA>
12                     <NA>
13          White/Caucasian
14   Black/African American
15   Black/African American
16          White/Caucasian
17                     <NA>
18          White/Caucasian
19   Black/African American
20   Black/African American
21          White/Caucasian
22                     <NA>
23                     <NA>
24          White/Caucasian
25                    Other
26          White/Caucasian
27   Black/African American
28          White/Caucasian
29          White/Caucasian
30                     <NA>
31   Black/African American
32   Black/African American
33          White/Caucasian
34          White/Caucasian
35   Black/African American
36   Black/African American
37                    Other
38          White/Caucasian
39          White/Caucasian
40                    Other
41          White/Caucasian
42          White/Caucasian
43   Black/African American
44                    Other
45          White/Caucasian
46          White/Caucasian
47                     <NA>
48                    Other
49                     <NA>
50          White/Caucasian
51   Black/African American
52   Black/African American
53          White/Caucasian
54                    Other
55   Black/African American
56          White/Caucasian
57   Black/African American
58                     <NA>
59   Black/African American
60          White/Caucasian
61          White/Caucasian
62          White/Caucasian
63                     <NA>
64          White/Caucasian
65   Black/African American
66   Black/African American
67   Black/African American
68   Black/African American
69   Black/African American
70   Black/African American
71   Black/African American
72                     <NA>
73          White/Caucasian
74          White/Caucasian
75          White/Caucasian
76   Black/African American
77          White/Caucasian
78   Black/African American
79                     <NA>
80   Black/African American
81                     <NA>
82          White/Caucasian
83   Black/African American
84                    Other
85   Black/African American
86                     <NA>
87   Black/African American
88          White/Caucasian
89   Black/African American
90          White/Caucasian
91          White/Caucasian
92                     <NA>
93   Black/African American
94   Black/African American
95   Black/African American
96   Black/African American
97   Black/African American
98   Black/African American
99   Black/African American
100         White/Caucasian
101  Black/African American
102                    <NA>
103                    <NA>
104  Black/African American
105  Black/African American
106  Black/African American
107                    <NA>
108  Black/African American
109                    <NA>
110  Black/African American
111         White/Caucasian
112         White/Caucasian
113         White/Caucasian
114                    <NA>
115  Black/African American
116         White/Caucasian
117  Black/African American
118  Black/African American
119  Black/African American
120                    <NA>
121                    <NA>
122  Black/African American
123                    <NA>
124         White/Caucasian
125                   Other
126                    <NA>
127                   Other
128                    <NA>
129  Black/African American
130         White/Caucasian
131  Black/African American
132         White/Caucasian
133  Black/African American
134         White/Caucasian
135         White/Caucasian
136  Black/African American
137                   Other
138         White/Caucasian
139         White/Caucasian
140         White/Caucasian
141         White/Caucasian
142  Black/African American
143         White/Caucasian
144  Black/African American
145  Black/African American
146         White/Caucasian
147  Black/African American
148                    <NA>
149                    <NA>
150  Black/African American
151  Black/African American
152  Black/African American
153         White/Caucasian
154  Black/African American
155  Black/African American
156         White/Caucasian
157         White/Caucasian
158         White/Caucasian
159         White/Caucasian
160  Black/African American
161         White/Caucasian
162         White/Caucasian
163         White/Caucasian
164  Black/African American
165         White/Caucasian
166         White/Caucasian
167         White/Caucasian
168         White/Caucasian
169  Black/African American
170         White/Caucasian
171         White/Caucasian
172                    <NA>
173                    <NA>
174         White/Caucasian
175         White/Caucasian
176                    <NA>
177         White/Caucasian
178         White/Caucasian
179                   Other
180         White/Caucasian
181  Black/African American
182         White/Caucasian
183         White/Caucasian
184  Black/African American
185  Black/African American
186  Black/African American
187                   Other
188                    <NA>
189  Black/African American
190         White/Caucasian
191         White/Caucasian
192         White/Caucasian
193         White/Caucasian
194         White/Caucasian
195  Black/African American
196  Black/African American
197  Black/African American
198                    <NA>
199                    <NA>
200  Black/African American
201                    <NA>
202         White/Caucasian
203  Black/African American
204         White/Caucasian
205                   Other
206  Black/African American
207         White/Caucasian
208                    <NA>
209         White/Caucasian
210  Black/African American
211         White/Caucasian
212         White/Caucasian
213         White/Caucasian
214  Black/African American
215                   Other
216                    <NA>
217         White/Caucasian
218         White/Caucasian
219  Black/African American
220         White/Caucasian
221                   Other
222         White/Caucasian
223         White/Caucasian
224  Black/African American
225                   Other
226  Black/African American
227  Black/African American
228                    <NA>
229  Black/African American
230         White/Caucasian
231  Black/African American
232  Black/African American
233  Black/African American
234  Black/African American
235         White/Caucasian
236                    <NA>
237         White/Caucasian
238                    <NA>
239                   Other
240         White/Caucasian
241  Black/African American
242  Black/African American
243  Black/African American
244         White/Caucasian
245  Black/African American
246         White/Caucasian
247  Black/African American
248         White/Caucasian
249                    <NA>
250                   Other
251  Black/African American
252  Black/African American
253  Black/African American
254         White/Caucasian
255                   Other
256  Black/African American
257  Black/African American
258         White/Caucasian
259         White/Caucasian
260  Black/African American
261                   Other
262  Black/African American
263         White/Caucasian
264         White/Caucasian
265                    <NA>
266                    <NA>
267                    <NA>
268         White/Caucasian
269  Black/African American
270         White/Caucasian
271  Black/African American
272                   Other
273                   Other
274                    <NA>
275         White/Caucasian
276                   Other
277  Black/African American
278                    <NA>
279                    <NA>
280  Black/African American
281  Black/African American
282         White/Caucasian
283         White/Caucasian
284  Black/African American
285                   Other
286         White/Caucasian
287                    <NA>
288  Black/African American
289                   Other
290                   Other
291                   Other
292                    <NA>
293  Black/African American
294  Black/African American
295                    <NA>
296                   Other
297         White/Caucasian
298  Black/African American
299  Black/African American
300  Black/African American
301         White/Caucasian
302  Black/African American
303  Black/African American
304  Black/African American
305                   Other
306  Black/African American
307                   Other
308  Black/African American
309         White/Caucasian
310                   Other
311  Black/African American
312                   Other
313  Black/African American
314                    <NA>
315         White/Caucasian
316  Black/African American
317  Black/African American
318                    <NA>
319         White/Caucasian
320         White/Caucasian
321  Black/African American
322  Black/African American
323                   Other
324                    <NA>
325         White/Caucasian
326                    <NA>
327  Black/African American
328         White/Caucasian
329         White/Caucasian
330  Black/African American
331                    <NA>
332  Black/African American
333         White/Caucasian
334         White/Caucasian
335         White/Caucasian
336  Black/African American
337  Black/African American
338  Black/African American
339         White/Caucasian
340  Black/African American
341                   Other
342  Black/African American
343  Black/African American
344                    <NA>
345  Black/African American
346         White/Caucasian
347  Black/African American
348                    <NA>
349         White/Caucasian
350                   Other
351         White/Caucasian
352  Black/African American
353         White/Caucasian
354                    <NA>
355  Black/African American
356         White/Caucasian
357  Black/African American
358                    <NA>
359  Black/African American
360         White/Caucasian
361  Black/African American
362         White/Caucasian
363         White/Caucasian
364  Black/African American
365  Black/African American
366                   Other
367                    <NA>
368         White/Caucasian
369         White/Caucasian
370  Black/African American
371         White/Caucasian
372  Black/African American
373         White/Caucasian
374  Black/African American
375                   Other
376         White/Caucasian
377                   Other
378         White/Caucasian
379         White/Caucasian
380  Black/African American
381                    <NA>
382  Black/African American
383         White/Caucasian
384                   Other
385                   Other
386         White/Caucasian
387         White/Caucasian
388                    <NA>
389                   Other
390         White/Caucasian
391         White/Caucasian
392  Black/African American
393                   Other
394         White/Caucasian
395                   Other
396                   Other
397  Black/African American
398                    <NA>
399                    <NA>
400         White/Caucasian
401                   Other
402  Black/African American
403         White/Caucasian
404                    <NA>
405  Black/African American
406  Black/African American
407                   Other
408                   Other
409                    <NA>
410                   Other
411                   Other
412  Black/African American
413                   Other
414         White/Caucasian
415                    <NA>
416  Black/African American
417  Black/African American
418         White/Caucasian
419         White/Caucasian
420         White/Caucasian
421         White/Caucasian
422         White/Caucasian
423         White/Caucasian
424         White/Caucasian
425                    <NA>
426         White/Caucasian
427                    <NA>
428         White/Caucasian
429                   Other
430         White/Caucasian
431  Black/African American
432  Black/African American
433  Black/African American
434         White/Caucasian
435         White/Caucasian
436                   Other
437  Black/African American
438                   Other
439         White/Caucasian
440                   Other
441                   Other
442                    <NA>
443                    <NA>
444  Black/African American
445  Black/African American
446  Black/African American
447  Black/African American
448                   Other
449         White/Caucasian
450         White/Caucasian
451         White/Caucasian
452         White/Caucasian
453  Black/African American
454                   Other
455  Black/African American
456                   Other
457  Black/African American
458  Black/African American
459         White/Caucasian
460         White/Caucasian
461                    <NA>
462  Black/African American
463         White/Caucasian
464  Black/African American
465  Black/African American
466         White/Caucasian
467         White/Caucasian
468         White/Caucasian
469         White/Caucasian
470                   Other
471  Black/African American
472         White/Caucasian
473         White/Caucasian
474  Black/African American
475                   Other
476         White/Caucasian
477                   Other
478                   Other
479  Black/African American
480         White/Caucasian
481         White/Caucasian
482                    <NA>
483         White/Caucasian
484  Black/African American
485  Black/African American
486         White/Caucasian
487  Black/African American
488                    <NA>
489  Black/African American
490  Black/African American
491         White/Caucasian
492                   Other
493         White/Caucasian
494  Black/African American
495  Black/African American
496                    <NA>
497         White/Caucasian
498  Black/African American
499                   Other
500  Black/African American
501  Black/African American
502                   Other
503  Black/African American
504         White/Caucasian
505  Black/African American
506                    <NA>
507                   Other
508                   Other
509                   Other
510  Black/African American
511                    <NA>
512                    <NA>
513  Black/African American
514  Black/African American
515                   Other
516  Black/African American
517  Black/African American
518         White/Caucasian
519         White/Caucasian
520                   Other
521  Black/African American
522                   Other
523  Black/African American
524         White/Caucasian
525  Black/African American
526         White/Caucasian
527                    <NA>
528         White/Caucasian
529         White/Caucasian
530         White/Caucasian
531         White/Caucasian
532         White/Caucasian
533  Black/African American
534         White/Caucasian
535         White/Caucasian
536         White/Caucasian
537                   Other
538                   Other
539         White/Caucasian
540         White/Caucasian
541                    <NA>
542  Black/African American
543         White/Caucasian
544                    <NA>
545                    <NA>
546         White/Caucasian
547                   Other
548                    <NA>
549  Black/African American
550                    <NA>
551         White/Caucasian
552  Black/African American
553                   Other
554                    <NA>
555  Black/African American
556                   Other
557         White/Caucasian
558  Black/African American
559         White/Caucasian
560         White/Caucasian
561  Black/African American
562  Black/African American
563         White/Caucasian
564         White/Caucasian
565  Black/African American
566  Black/African American
567                    <NA>
568                   Other
569                   Other
570         White/Caucasian
571                    <NA>
572         White/Caucasian
573         White/Caucasian
574         White/Caucasian
575         White/Caucasian
576                   Other
577                    <NA>
578         White/Caucasian
579         White/Caucasian
580         White/Caucasian
581  Black/African American
582  Black/African American
583         White/Caucasian
584  Black/African American
585  Black/African American
586         White/Caucasian
587                   Other
588                    <NA>
589  Black/African American
590         White/Caucasian
591  Black/African American
592         White/Caucasian
593         White/Caucasian
594  Black/African American
595                   Other
596         White/Caucasian
597  Black/African American
598  Black/African American
599         White/Caucasian
600         White/Caucasian
601                    <NA>
602  Black/African American
603         White/Caucasian
604  Black/African American
605         White/Caucasian
606         White/Caucasian
607  Black/African American
608  Black/African American
609                    <NA>
610         White/Caucasian
611  Black/African American
612  Black/African American
613         White/Caucasian
614  Black/African American
615                    <NA>
616                    <NA>
617  Black/African American
618         White/Caucasian
619  Black/African American
620         White/Caucasian
621  Black/African American
622         White/Caucasian
623  Black/African American
624                    <NA>
625         White/Caucasian
626         White/Caucasian
627  Black/African American
628                   Other
629                    <NA>
630                    <NA>
631  Black/African American
632                    <NA>
633         White/Caucasian
634         White/Caucasian
635         White/Caucasian
636  Black/African American
637         White/Caucasian
638         White/Caucasian
639  Black/African American
640  Black/African American
641         White/Caucasian
642         White/Caucasian
643  Black/African American
644  Black/African American
645                   Other
646         White/Caucasian
647                   Other
648         White/Caucasian
649  Black/African American
650         White/Caucasian
651  Black/African American
652         White/Caucasian
653         White/Caucasian
654                   Other
655                    <NA>
656  Black/African American
657         White/Caucasian
658         White/Caucasian
659                   Other
660  Black/African American
661  Black/African American
662                    <NA>
663         White/Caucasian
664         White/Caucasian
665  Black/African American
666         White/Caucasian
667         White/Caucasian
668  Black/African American
669                   Other
670  Black/African American
671                   Other
672  Black/African American
673                   Other
674         White/Caucasian
675  Black/African American
676  Black/African American
677                   Other
678         White/Caucasian
679  Black/African American
680                    <NA>
681         White/Caucasian
682  Black/African American
683  Black/African American
684                   Other
685         White/Caucasian
686                    <NA>
687  Black/African American
688                   Other
689         White/Caucasian
690         White/Caucasian
691  Black/African American
692         White/Caucasian
693         White/Caucasian
694         White/Caucasian
695         White/Caucasian
696         White/Caucasian
697  Black/African American
698                   Other
699  Black/African American
700  Black/African American
701  Black/African American
702                   Other
703                   Other
704         White/Caucasian
705                    <NA>
706         White/Caucasian
707         White/Caucasian
708  Black/African American
709         White/Caucasian
710  Black/African American
711         White/Caucasian
712                   Other
713                    <NA>
714         White/Caucasian
715                    <NA>
716                    <NA>
717  Black/African American
718         White/Caucasian
719         White/Caucasian
720  Black/African American
721         White/Caucasian
722         White/Caucasian
723                    <NA>
724  Black/African American
725                    <NA>
726                   Other
727  Black/African American
728         White/Caucasian
729         White/Caucasian
730         White/Caucasian
731         White/Caucasian
732  Black/African American
733                    <NA>
734  Black/African American
735                   Other
736         White/Caucasian
737                    <NA>
738                   Other
739         White/Caucasian
740  Black/African American
741                    <NA>
742                    <NA>
743         White/Caucasian
744                    <NA>
745  Black/African American
746         White/Caucasian
747         White/Caucasian
748  Black/African American
749                    <NA>
750         White/Caucasian
751                    <NA>
752         White/Caucasian
753  Black/African American
754  Black/African American
755         White/Caucasian
756  Black/African American
757         White/Caucasian
758  Black/African American
759         White/Caucasian
760  Black/African American
761                    <NA>
762         White/Caucasian
763         White/Caucasian
764  Black/African American
765         White/Caucasian
766                   Other
767                    <NA>
768  Black/African American
769  Black/African American
770                    <NA>
771  Black/African American
772                    <NA>
773                    <NA>
774                    <NA>
775                    <NA>
776         White/Caucasian
777                   Other
778                    <NA>
779  Black/African American
780                    <NA>
781         White/Caucasian
782                   Other
783  Black/African American
784                    <NA>
785         White/Caucasian
786  Black/African American
787         White/Caucasian
788         White/Caucasian
789  Black/African American
790  Black/African American
791         White/Caucasian
792  Black/African American
793         White/Caucasian
794                    <NA>
795         White/Caucasian
796         White/Caucasian
797         White/Caucasian
798  Black/African American
799         White/Caucasian
800                    <NA>
801         White/Caucasian
802  Black/African American
803                    <NA>
804  Black/African American
805         White/Caucasian
806                    <NA>
807         White/Caucasian
808         White/Caucasian
809                   Other
810         White/Caucasian
811         White/Caucasian
812                    <NA>
813                    <NA>
814         White/Caucasian
815                   Other
816         White/Caucasian
817                    <NA>
818  Black/African American
819         White/Caucasian
820                   Other
821  Black/African American
822         White/Caucasian
823                   Other
824                   Other
825  Black/African American
826                    <NA>
827                   Other
828         White/Caucasian
829         White/Caucasian
830         White/Caucasian
831         White/Caucasian
832                    <NA>
833                    <NA>
834         White/Caucasian
835  Black/African American
836         White/Caucasian
837         White/Caucasian
838  Black/African American
839  Black/African American
840         White/Caucasian
841  Black/African American
842  Black/African American
843         White/Caucasian
844                   Other
845                    <NA>
846         White/Caucasian
847  Black/African American
848                   Other
849                    <NA>
850                   Other
851         White/Caucasian
852                   Other
853  Black/African American
854                    <NA>
855                   Other
856                   Other
857                    <NA>
858  Black/African American
859         White/Caucasian
860         White/Caucasian
861                   Other
862  Black/African American
863                   Other
864         White/Caucasian
865                   Other
866         White/Caucasian
867                   Other
868                   Other
869                    <NA>
870         White/Caucasian
871         White/Caucasian
872                    <NA>
873                   Other
874  Black/African American
875  Black/African American
876                    <NA>
877                    <NA>
878         White/Caucasian
879  Black/African American
880         White/Caucasian
881                    <NA>
882  Black/African American
883         White/Caucasian
884                   Other
885                   Other
886  Black/African American
887         White/Caucasian
888  Black/African American
889         White/Caucasian
890         White/Caucasian
891                   Other
892         White/Caucasian
893  Black/African American
894         White/Caucasian
895                    <NA>
896  Black/African American
897                   Other
898  Black/African American
899                   Other
900  Black/African American
901                    <NA>
902                    <NA>
903         White/Caucasian
904         White/Caucasian
905                   Other
906         White/Caucasian
907                   Other
908  Black/African American
909                    <NA>
910                    <NA>
911         White/Caucasian
912  Black/African American
913         White/Caucasian
914                   Other
915                    <NA>
916  Black/African American
917  Black/African American
918  Black/African American
919         White/Caucasian
920                   Other
921  Black/African American
922                    <NA>
923         White/Caucasian
924  Black/African American
925                    <NA>
926         White/Caucasian
927                    <NA>
928         White/Caucasian
929  Black/African American
930         White/Caucasian
931         White/Caucasian
932  Black/African American
933         White/Caucasian
934         White/Caucasian
935         White/Caucasian
936  Black/African American
937         White/Caucasian
938                    <NA>
939         White/Caucasian
940  Black/African American
941  Black/African American
942         White/Caucasian
943         White/Caucasian
944         White/Caucasian
945         White/Caucasian
946         White/Caucasian
947         White/Caucasian
948  Black/African American
949         White/Caucasian
950  Black/African American
951                   Other
952                    <NA>
953  Black/African American
954         White/Caucasian
955         White/Caucasian
956  Black/African American
957  Black/African American
958  Black/African American
959  Black/African American
960                    <NA>
961                    <NA>
962         White/Caucasian
963         White/Caucasian
964  Black/African American
965         White/Caucasian
966         White/Caucasian
967                    <NA>
968         White/Caucasian
969                   Other
970         White/Caucasian
971                    <NA>
972                    <NA>
973         White/Caucasian
974  Black/African American
975  Black/African American
976                    <NA>
977  Black/African American
978  Black/African American
979                   Other
980         White/Caucasian
981  Black/African American
982                    <NA>
983                    <NA>
984         White/Caucasian
985         White/Caucasian
986         White/Caucasian
987                    <NA>
988         White/Caucasian
989  Black/African American
990         White/Caucasian
991  Black/African American
992  Black/African American
993         White/Caucasian
994         White/Caucasian
995                   Other
996                    <NA>
997  Black/African American
998         White/Caucasian
999         White/Caucasian
1000 Black/African American
1001 Black/African American
1002        White/Caucasian
1003 Black/African American
1004                  Other
1005 Black/African American
1006        White/Caucasian
1007        White/Caucasian
1008 Black/African American
1009        White/Caucasian
1010                  Other
1011 Black/African American
1012                  Other
1013        White/Caucasian
1014                   <NA>
1015        White/Caucasian
1016                  Other
1017        White/Caucasian
1018 Black/African American
1019 Black/African American
1020                   <NA>
1021                  Other
1022        White/Caucasian
1023                   <NA>
1024 Black/African American
1025                   <NA>
1026 Black/African American
1027                   <NA>
1028 Black/African American
1029                  Other
1030 Black/African American
1031        White/Caucasian
1032        White/Caucasian
1033                   <NA>
1034 Black/African American
1035                  Other
1036 Black/African American
1037 Black/African American
1038 Black/African American
1039        White/Caucasian
1040                   <NA>
1041        White/Caucasian
1042                  Other
1043                   <NA>
1044                  Other
1045        White/Caucasian
1046 Black/African American
1047 Black/African American
1048        White/Caucasian
1049        White/Caucasian
1050        White/Caucasian
1051        White/Caucasian
1052        White/Caucasian
1053                  Other
1054        White/Caucasian
1055        White/Caucasian
1056        White/Caucasian
1057 Black/African American
1058        White/Caucasian
1059        White/Caucasian
1060 Black/African American
1061        White/Caucasian
1062 Black/African American
1063 Black/African American
1064        White/Caucasian
1065                   <NA>
1066                  Other
1067        White/Caucasian
1068 Black/African American
1069                   <NA>
1070        White/Caucasian
1071        White/Caucasian
1072                   <NA>
1073 Black/African American
1074        White/Caucasian
1075                  Other
1076 Black/African American
1077        White/Caucasian
1078 Black/African American
1079 Black/African American
1080 Black/African American
1081                  Other
1082 Black/African American
1083 Black/African American
1084                  Other
1085 Black/African American
1086        White/Caucasian
1087 Black/African American
1088        White/Caucasian
1089 Black/African American
1090                  Other
1091        White/Caucasian
1092        White/Caucasian
1093                   <NA>
1094 Black/African American
1095        White/Caucasian
1096        White/Caucasian
1097        White/Caucasian
1098 Black/African American
1099        White/Caucasian
1100        White/Caucasian
1101        White/Caucasian
1102        White/Caucasian
1103        White/Caucasian
1104                  Other
1105 Black/African American
1106                   <NA>
1107                   <NA>
1108        White/Caucasian
1109                   <NA>
1110        White/Caucasian
1111 Black/African American
1112        White/Caucasian
1113                  Other
1114        White/Caucasian
1115        White/Caucasian
1116                   <NA>
1117        White/Caucasian
1118                  Other
1119        White/Caucasian
1120        White/Caucasian
1121        White/Caucasian
1122                   <NA>
1123        White/Caucasian
1124        White/Caucasian
1125                   <NA>
1126 Black/African American
1127        White/Caucasian
1128        White/Caucasian
1129                   <NA>
1130                  Other
1131        White/Caucasian
1132        White/Caucasian
1133        White/Caucasian
1134        White/Caucasian
1135        White/Caucasian
1136        White/Caucasian
1137                   <NA>
1138                  Other
1139                   <NA>
1140                   <NA>
1141 Black/African American
1142 Black/African American
1143        White/Caucasian
1144 Black/African American
1145                   <NA>
1146        White/Caucasian
1147        White/Caucasian
1148        White/Caucasian
1149                   <NA>
1150                   <NA>
1151        White/Caucasian
1152 Black/African American
1153 Black/African American
1154        White/Caucasian
1155 Black/African American
1156 Black/African American
1157 Black/African American
1158 Black/African American
1159 Black/African American
1160        White/Caucasian
1161 Black/African American
1162                   <NA>
1163                  Other
1164 Black/African American
1165        White/Caucasian
1166        White/Caucasian
1167        White/Caucasian
1168        White/Caucasian
1169        White/Caucasian
1170        White/Caucasian
1171                   <NA>
1172                  Other
1173                   <NA>
1174 Black/African American
1175        White/Caucasian
1176 Black/African American
1177        White/Caucasian
1178        White/Caucasian
1179                   <NA>
1180        White/Caucasian
1181                   <NA>
1182 Black/African American
1183 Black/African American
1184                   <NA>
1185                   <NA>
1186 Black/African American
1187        White/Caucasian
1188        White/Caucasian
1189        White/Caucasian
1190                   <NA>
1191                  Other
1192 Black/African American
1193 Black/African American
1194 Black/African American
1195        White/Caucasian
1196 Black/African American
1197                   <NA>
1198        White/Caucasian
1199 Black/African American
1200        White/Caucasian
1201 Black/African American
1202        White/Caucasian
1203        White/Caucasian
1204 Black/African American
1205                   <NA>
1206                   <NA>
1207 Black/African American
1208                   <NA>
1209        White/Caucasian
1210        White/Caucasian
1211 Black/African American
1212 Black/African American
1213        White/Caucasian
1214                   <NA>
1215 Black/African American
1216 Black/African American
1217                  Other
1218 Black/African American
1219                   <NA>
1220        White/Caucasian
1221                   <NA>
1222                   <NA>
1223        White/Caucasian
1224                   <NA>
1225 Black/African American
1226                  Other
1227        White/Caucasian
1228 Black/African American
1229        White/Caucasian
1230        White/Caucasian
1231 Black/African American
1232 Black/African American
1233 Black/African American
1234                  Other
1235 Black/African American
1236        White/Caucasian
1237                  Other
1238                   <NA>
1239        White/Caucasian
1240        White/Caucasian
1241        White/Caucasian
1242 Black/African American
1243 Black/African American
1244        White/Caucasian
1245        White/Caucasian
1246 Black/African American
1247 Black/African American
1248        White/Caucasian
1249                  Other
1250                   <NA>
1251        White/Caucasian
1252        White/Caucasian
1253                   <NA>
1254 Black/African American
1255                   <NA>
1256 Black/African American
1257        White/Caucasian
1258 Black/African American
1259        White/Caucasian
1260        White/Caucasian
1261 Black/African American
1262                  Other
1263                  Other
1264                   <NA>
1265 Black/African American
1266                   <NA>
1267        White/Caucasian
1268        White/Caucasian
1269                  Other
1270        White/Caucasian
1271                   <NA>
1272                   <NA>
1273                  Other
1274 Black/African American
1275 Black/African American
1276                   <NA>
1277                   <NA>
1278 Black/African American
1279 Black/African American
1280 Black/African American
1281        White/Caucasian
1282        White/Caucasian
1283        White/Caucasian
1284                   <NA>
1285                   <NA>
1286 Black/African American
1287        White/Caucasian
1288 Black/African American
1289 Black/African American
1290                  Other
1291        White/Caucasian
1292                   <NA>
1293 Black/African American
1294        White/Caucasian
1295 Black/African American
1296        White/Caucasian
1297 Black/African American
1298        White/Caucasian
1299        White/Caucasian
1300                  Other
1301 Black/African American
1302                  Other
1303 Black/African American
1304        White/Caucasian
1305                  Other
1306                   <NA>
1307        White/Caucasian
1308        White/Caucasian
1309                   <NA>
1310        White/Caucasian
1311                   <NA>
1312 Black/African American
1313 Black/African American
1314                  Other
1315        White/Caucasian
1316        White/Caucasian
1317 Black/African American
1318 Black/African American
1319                  Other
1320 Black/African American
1321                  Other
1322 Black/African American
1323                   <NA>
1324        White/Caucasian
1325                   <NA>
1326        White/Caucasian
1327        White/Caucasian
1328                  Other
1329        White/Caucasian
1330 Black/African American
1331                  Other
1332        White/Caucasian
1333        White/Caucasian
1334 Black/African American
1335                   <NA>
1336                   <NA>
1337 Black/African American
1338        White/Caucasian
1339                  Other
1340 Black/African American
1341        White/Caucasian
1342        White/Caucasian
1343                   <NA>
1344 Black/African American
1345 Black/African American
1346 Black/African American
1347 Black/African American
1348                   <NA>
1349 Black/African American
1350        White/Caucasian
1351                   <NA>
1352                   <NA>
1353        White/Caucasian
1354                  Other
1355 Black/African American
1356 Black/African American
1357        White/Caucasian
1358 Black/African American
1359                  Other
1360 Black/African American
1361        White/Caucasian
1362 Black/African American
1363        White/Caucasian
1364                  Other
1365                   <NA>
1366        White/Caucasian
1367 Black/African American
1368        White/Caucasian
1369 Black/African American
1370                   <NA>
1371                   <NA>
1372        White/Caucasian
1373                   <NA>
1374                  Other
1375                   <NA>
1376 Black/African American
1377 Black/African American
1378 Black/African American
1379                   <NA>
1380                   <NA>
1381        White/Caucasian
1382 Black/African American
1383        White/Caucasian
1384        White/Caucasian
1385                   <NA>
1386                  Other
1387        White/Caucasian
1388 Black/African American
1389                  Other
1390        White/Caucasian
1391 Black/African American
1392                   <NA>
1393                   <NA>
1394 Black/African American
1395 Black/African American
1396        White/Caucasian
1397        White/Caucasian
1398        White/Caucasian
1399        White/Caucasian
1400        White/Caucasian
1401        White/Caucasian
1402 Black/African American
1403        White/Caucasian
1404        White/Caucasian
1405                  Other
1406                   <NA>
1407                   <NA>
1408        White/Caucasian
1409        White/Caucasian
1410                   <NA>
1411                   <NA>
1412 Black/African American
1413                  Other
1414                  Other
1415                  Other
1416        White/Caucasian
1417 Black/African American
1418                  Other
1419        White/Caucasian
1420                  Other
1421        White/Caucasian
1422                   <NA>
1423        White/Caucasian
1424 Black/African American
1425        White/Caucasian
1426                   <NA>
1427                  Other
1428 Black/African American
1429 Black/African American
1430        White/Caucasian
1431        White/Caucasian
1432                  Other
1433        White/Caucasian
1434        White/Caucasian
1435 Black/African American
1436        White/Caucasian
1437        White/Caucasian
1438        White/Caucasian
1439 Black/African American
1440 Black/African American
1441                   <NA>
1442        White/Caucasian
1443 Black/African American
1444        White/Caucasian
1445 Black/African American
1446        White/Caucasian
1447        White/Caucasian
1448                   <NA>
1449        White/Caucasian
1450        White/Caucasian
1451                   <NA>
1452                   <NA>
1453                  Other
1454 Black/African American
1455        White/Caucasian
1456 Black/African American
1457        White/Caucasian
1458        White/Caucasian
1459        White/Caucasian
1460                   <NA>
1461        White/Caucasian
1462 Black/African American
1463 Black/African American
1464                   <NA>
1465                   <NA>
1466 Black/African American
1467                   <NA>
1468        White/Caucasian
1469        White/Caucasian
1470                  Other
1471        White/Caucasian
1472 Black/African American
1473 Black/African American
1474                   <NA>
1475 Black/African American
1476 Black/African American
1477                   <NA>
1478                  Other
1479 Black/African American
1480                   <NA>
1481                   <NA>
1482 Black/African American
1483                   <NA>
1484 Black/African American
1485                  Other
1486                   <NA>
1487                   <NA>
1488        White/Caucasian
1489                   <NA>
1490                   <NA>
1491        White/Caucasian
1492                  Other
1493        White/Caucasian
1494 Black/African American
1495 Black/African American
1496 Black/African American
1497                   <NA>
1498                   <NA>
1499                   <NA>
1500                   <NA>
1501 Black/African American
1502        White/Caucasian
1503        White/Caucasian
1504        White/Caucasian
1505 Black/African American
1506 Black/African American
1507                  Other
1508        White/Caucasian
1509                   <NA>
1510        White/Caucasian
1511 Black/African American
1512        White/Caucasian
1513 Black/African American
1514        White/Caucasian
1515 Black/African American
1516                   <NA>
1517                  Other
1518                   <NA>
1519                  Other
1520 Black/African American
1521 Black/African American
1522 Black/African American
1523 Black/African American
1524 Black/African American
1525                   <NA>
1526 Black/African American
1527 Black/African American
1528 Black/African American
1529        White/Caucasian
1530        White/Caucasian
1531        White/Caucasian
1532 Black/African American
1533 Black/African American
1534                   <NA>
1535 Black/African American
1536                  Other
1537        White/Caucasian
1538                   <NA>
1539 Black/African American
1540                  Other
1541        White/Caucasian
1542        White/Caucasian
1543        White/Caucasian
1544        White/Caucasian
1545        White/Caucasian
1546        White/Caucasian
1547 Black/African American
1548 Black/African American
1549        White/Caucasian
1550                   <NA>
1551                  Other
1552 Black/African American
1553                  Other
1554        White/Caucasian
1555                   <NA>
1556        White/Caucasian
1557                   <NA>
1558                   <NA>
1559        White/Caucasian
1560 Black/African American
1561        White/Caucasian
1562 Black/African American
1563 Black/African American
1564 Black/African American
1565 Black/African American
1566                  Other
1567                  Other
1568        White/Caucasian
1569        White/Caucasian
1570        White/Caucasian
1571                   <NA>
1572        White/Caucasian
1573        White/Caucasian
1574                   <NA>
1575                   <NA>
1576 Black/African American
1577 Black/African American
1578                   <NA>
1579        White/Caucasian
1580 Black/African American
1581        White/Caucasian
1582 Black/African American
1583        White/Caucasian
1584 Black/African American
1585        White/Caucasian
1586        White/Caucasian
1587        White/Caucasian
1588                   <NA>
1589        White/Caucasian
1590        White/Caucasian
1591 Black/African American
1592        White/Caucasian
1593                   <NA>
1594 Black/African American
1595 Black/African American
1596                  Other
1597        White/Caucasian
1598        White/Caucasian
1599        White/Caucasian
1600 Black/African American
1601                  Other
1602 Black/African American
1603        White/Caucasian
1604        White/Caucasian
1605        White/Caucasian
1606 Black/African American
1607 Black/African American
1608                   <NA>
1609        White/Caucasian
1610                  Other
1611        White/Caucasian
1612        White/Caucasian
1613                  Other
1614                   <NA>
1615                   <NA>
1616                   <NA>
1617        White/Caucasian
1618                   <NA>
1619        White/Caucasian
1620                   <NA>
1621        White/Caucasian
1622 Black/African American
1623                   <NA>
1624        White/Caucasian
1625 Black/African American
1626        White/Caucasian
1627 Black/African American
1628        White/Caucasian
1629                  Other
1630 Black/African American
1631        White/Caucasian
1632        White/Caucasian
1633                   <NA>
1634 Black/African American
1635 Black/African American
1636                   <NA>
1637 Black/African American
1638        White/Caucasian
1639                   <NA>
1640                  Other
1641 Black/African American
1642 Black/African American
1643 Black/African American
1644                  Other
1645                   <NA>
1646        White/Caucasian
1647 Black/African American
1648        White/Caucasian
1649                   <NA>
1650                   <NA>
1651        White/Caucasian
1652 Black/African American
1653                   <NA>
1654 Black/African American
1655 Black/African American
1656        White/Caucasian
1657                  Other
1658                   <NA>
1659        White/Caucasian
1660        White/Caucasian
1661        White/Caucasian
1662        White/Caucasian
1663                   <NA>
1664                   <NA>
1665 Black/African American
1666        White/Caucasian
1667 Black/African American
1668        White/Caucasian
1669                  Other
1670                   <NA>
1671                  Other
1672                  Other
1673                   <NA>
1674 Black/African American
1675                   <NA>
1676                  Other
1677 Black/African American
1678                   <NA>
1679        White/Caucasian
1680 Black/African American
1681        White/Caucasian
1682        White/Caucasian
1683                  Other
1684                   <NA>
1685 Black/African American
1686                   <NA>
1687                   <NA>
1688                  Other
1689                   <NA>
1690 Black/African American
1691                   <NA>
1692 Black/African American
1693        White/Caucasian
1694        White/Caucasian
1695                   <NA>
1696                  Other
1697        White/Caucasian
1698                   <NA>
1699 Black/African American
1700        White/Caucasian
1701                   <NA>
1702                   <NA>
1703 Black/African American
1704        White/Caucasian
1705                  Other
1706                  Other
1707 Black/African American
1708        White/Caucasian
1709        White/Caucasian
1710        White/Caucasian
1711        White/Caucasian
1712                  Other
1713 Black/African American
1714 Black/African American
1715        White/Caucasian
1716                  Other
1717 Black/African American
1718 Black/African American
1719        White/Caucasian
1720        White/Caucasian
1721        White/Caucasian
1722        White/Caucasian
1723 Black/African American
1724        White/Caucasian
1725        White/Caucasian
1726 Black/African American
1727        White/Caucasian
1728                  Other
1729 Black/African American
1730 Black/African American
1731 Black/African American
1732        White/Caucasian
1733        White/Caucasian
1734        White/Caucasian
1735                  Other
1736 Black/African American
1737                   <NA>
1738 Black/African American
1739        White/Caucasian
1740                  Other
1741 Black/African American
1742        White/Caucasian
1743        White/Caucasian
1744        White/Caucasian
1745        White/Caucasian
1746 Black/African American
1747        White/Caucasian
1748 Black/African American
1749        White/Caucasian
1750 Black/African American
1751                   <NA>
1752        White/Caucasian
1753        White/Caucasian
1754                  Other
1755                   <NA>
1756        White/Caucasian
1757        White/Caucasian
1758        White/Caucasian
1759        White/Caucasian
1760 Black/African American
1761        White/Caucasian
1762 Black/African American
1763        White/Caucasian
1764        White/Caucasian
1765 Black/African American
1766 Black/African American
1767                   <NA>
1768        White/Caucasian
1769                  Other
1770 Black/African American
1771        White/Caucasian
1772 Black/African American
1773 Black/African American
1774 Black/African American
1775        White/Caucasian
1776                   <NA>
1777                  Other
1778 Black/African American
1779        White/Caucasian
1780        White/Caucasian
1781                  Other
1782        White/Caucasian
1783 Black/African American
1784        White/Caucasian
1785 Black/African American
1786                   <NA>
1787 Black/African American
1788 Black/African American
1789 Black/African American
1790                  Other
1791        White/Caucasian
1792                   <NA>
1793 Black/African American
1794 Black/African American
1795        White/Caucasian
1796                   <NA>
1797                  Other
1798                   <NA>
1799 Black/African American
1800        White/Caucasian
1801                   <NA>
1802        White/Caucasian
1803 Black/African American
1804                  Other
1805        White/Caucasian
1806        White/Caucasian
1807 Black/African American
1808 Black/African American
1809 Black/African American
1810                   <NA>
1811        White/Caucasian
1812 Black/African American
1813                  Other
1814                   <NA>
1815 Black/African American
1816        White/Caucasian
1817        White/Caucasian
1818 Black/African American
1819                   <NA>
1820                  Other
1821        White/Caucasian
1822 Black/African American
1823        White/Caucasian
1824                  Other
1825        White/Caucasian
1826        White/Caucasian
1827                   <NA>
1828                   <NA>
1829        White/Caucasian
1830 Black/African American
1831                   <NA>
1832        White/Caucasian
1833        White/Caucasian
1834                   <NA>
1835 Black/African American
1836                   <NA>
1837 Black/African American
1838 Black/African American
1839                   <NA>
1840        White/Caucasian
1841        White/Caucasian
1842 Black/African American
1843        White/Caucasian
1844 Black/African American
1845        White/Caucasian
1846        White/Caucasian
1847 Black/African American
1848        White/Caucasian
1849                   <NA>
1850                   <NA>
1851        White/Caucasian
1852                   <NA>
1853        White/Caucasian
1854 Black/African American
1855        White/Caucasian
1856 Black/African American
1857 Black/African American
1858        White/Caucasian
1859        White/Caucasian
1860                  Other
1861                  Other
1862        White/Caucasian
1863                   <NA>
1864                  Other
1865 Black/African American
1866        White/Caucasian
1867 Black/African American
1868        White/Caucasian
1869                  Other
1870 Black/African American
1871                  Other
1872                   <NA>
1873        White/Caucasian
1874        White/Caucasian
1875                  Other
1876                   <NA>
1877        White/Caucasian
1878                  Other
1879 Black/African American
1880                   <NA>
1881 Black/African American
1882 Black/African American
1883 Black/African American
1884        White/Caucasian
1885 Black/African American
1886        White/Caucasian
1887                   <NA>
1888 Black/African American
1889                   <NA>
1890 Black/African American
1891        White/Caucasian
1892 Black/African American
1893                   <NA>
1894 Black/African American
1895        White/Caucasian
1896        White/Caucasian
1897        White/Caucasian
1898 Black/African American
1899        White/Caucasian
1900 Black/African American
1901        White/Caucasian
1902 Black/African American
1903 Black/African American
1904 Black/African American
1905        White/Caucasian
1906        White/Caucasian
1907        White/Caucasian
1908                   <NA>
1909        White/Caucasian
1910        White/Caucasian
1911                  Other
1912        White/Caucasian
1913        White/Caucasian
1914                   <NA>
1915        White/Caucasian
1916                  Other
1917 Black/African American
1918        White/Caucasian
1919        White/Caucasian
1920 Black/African American
1921                   <NA>
1922                   <NA>
1923 Black/African American
1924        White/Caucasian
1925        White/Caucasian
1926                   <NA>
1927        White/Caucasian
1928        White/Caucasian
1929        White/Caucasian
1930                  Other
1931        White/Caucasian
1932                   <NA>
1933        White/Caucasian
1934        White/Caucasian
1935                   <NA>
1936 Black/African American
1937 Black/African American
1938 Black/African American
1939 Black/African American
1940                   <NA>
1941                  Other
1942        White/Caucasian
1943 Black/African American
1944        White/Caucasian
1945                   <NA>
1946 Black/African American
1947                   <NA>
1948                  Other
1949        White/Caucasian
1950                   <NA>
1951        White/Caucasian
1952        White/Caucasian
1953 Black/African American
1954                  Other
1955        White/Caucasian
1956 Black/African American
1957                  Other
1958 Black/African American
1959 Black/African American
1960        White/Caucasian
1961 Black/African American
1962        White/Caucasian
1963        White/Caucasian
1964        White/Caucasian
1965 Black/African American
1966 Black/African American
1967                   <NA>
1968 Black/African American
1969 Black/African American
1970        White/Caucasian
1971 Black/African American
1972 Black/African American
1973                  Other
1974 Black/African American
1975 Black/African American
1976        White/Caucasian
1977        White/Caucasian
1978                   <NA>
1979        White/Caucasian
1980        White/Caucasian
1981 Black/African American
1982        White/Caucasian
1983 Black/African American
1984        White/Caucasian
1985        White/Caucasian
1986        White/Caucasian
1987        White/Caucasian
1988 Black/African American
1989                  Other
1990        White/Caucasian
1991 Black/African American
1992        White/Caucasian
1993 Black/African American
1994                   <NA>
1995                   <NA>
1996        White/Caucasian
1997 Black/African American
1998        White/Caucasian
1999                  Other
2000        White/Caucasian
2001                   <NA>
2002 Black/African American
2003        White/Caucasian
2004        White/Caucasian
2005 Black/African American
2006 Black/African American
2007 Black/African American
2008                  Other
2009 Black/African American
2010        White/Caucasian
2011                  Other
2012        White/Caucasian
2013        White/Caucasian
2014        White/Caucasian
2015                  Other
2016                  Other
2017 Black/African American
2018                   <NA>
2019                  Other
2020                  Other
2021        White/Caucasian
2022 Black/African American
2023                  Other
2024                  Other
2025        White/Caucasian
2026        White/Caucasian
2027                   <NA>
2028                   <NA>
2029                  Other
2030        White/Caucasian
2031        White/Caucasian
2032        White/Caucasian
2033 Black/African American
2034 Black/African American
2035        White/Caucasian
2036                   <NA>
2037                  Other
2038                  Other
2039 Black/African American
2040 Black/African American
2041 Black/African American
2042 Black/African American
2043        White/Caucasian
2044 Black/African American
2045        White/Caucasian
2046 Black/African American
2047        White/Caucasian
2048        White/Caucasian
2049        White/Caucasian
2050        White/Caucasian
2051        White/Caucasian
2052 Black/African American
2053        White/Caucasian
2054                   <NA>
2055                  Other
2056        White/Caucasian
2057                  Other
2058 Black/African American
2059 Black/African American
2060        White/Caucasian
2061        White/Caucasian
2062                   <NA>
2063                   <NA>
2064                   <NA>
2065                  Other
2066        White/Caucasian
2067 Black/African American
2068                  Other
2069 Black/African American
2070 Black/African American
2071                  Other
2072        White/Caucasian
2073 Black/African American
2074                  Other
2075        White/Caucasian
2076                  Other
2077        White/Caucasian
2078        White/Caucasian
2079                  Other
2080 Black/African American
2081        White/Caucasian
2082        White/Caucasian
2083                   <NA>
2084        White/Caucasian
2085 Black/African American
2086 Black/African American
2087 Black/African American
2088        White/Caucasian
2089                   <NA>
2090        White/Caucasian
2091 Black/African American
2092 Black/African American
2093                  Other
2094 Black/African American
2095        White/Caucasian
2096 Black/African American
2097        White/Caucasian
2098 Black/African American
2099                   <NA>
2100                   <NA>
2101        White/Caucasian
2102        White/Caucasian
2103 Black/African American
2104        White/Caucasian
2105                   <NA>
2106 Black/African American
2107                   <NA>
2108                  Other
2109        White/Caucasian
2110 Black/African American
2111                  Other
2112                  Other
2113        White/Caucasian
2114 Black/African American
2115                  Other
2116                   <NA>
2117                   <NA>
2118        White/Caucasian
2119                   <NA>
2120 Black/African American
2121        White/Caucasian
2122 Black/African American
2123 Black/African American
2124 Black/African American
2125                   <NA>
2126        White/Caucasian
2127        White/Caucasian
2128 Black/African American
2129        White/Caucasian
2130        White/Caucasian
2131        White/Caucasian
2132 Black/African American
2133        White/Caucasian
2134 Black/African American
2135 Black/African American
2136 Black/African American
2137        White/Caucasian
2138 Black/African American
2139        White/Caucasian
2140                  Other
2141                  Other
2142 Black/African American
2143                   <NA>
2144        White/Caucasian
2145 Black/African American
2146                  Other
2147 Black/African American
2148        White/Caucasian
2149 Black/African American
2150 Black/African American
2151        White/Caucasian
2152                  Other
2153 Black/African American
2154                   <NA>
2155                  Other
2156        White/Caucasian
2157 Black/African American
2158        White/Caucasian
2159 Black/African American
2160                  Other
2161 Black/African American
2162        White/Caucasian
2163                  Other
2164 Black/African American
2165        White/Caucasian
2166                   <NA>
2167                   <NA>
2168 Black/African American
2169                  Other
2170 Black/African American
2171                  Other
2172        White/Caucasian
2173        White/Caucasian
2174 Black/African American
2175                  Other
2176        White/Caucasian
2177 Black/African American
2178 Black/African American
2179 Black/African American
2180        White/Caucasian
2181                  Other
2182        White/Caucasian
2183        White/Caucasian
2184 Black/African American
2185                   <NA>
2186        White/Caucasian
2187                   <NA>
2188        White/Caucasian
2189                   <NA>
2190                  Other
2191                   <NA>
2192 Black/African American
2193        White/Caucasian
2194 Black/African American
2195 Black/African American
2196        White/Caucasian
2197                   <NA>
2198                  Other
2199                  Other
2200                  Other
2201        White/Caucasian
2202                   <NA>
2203 Black/African American
2204        White/Caucasian
2205 Black/African American
2206                  Other
2207        White/Caucasian
2208                   <NA>
2209                   <NA>
2210 Black/African American
2211                  Other
2212 Black/African American
2213                   <NA>
2214        White/Caucasian
2215 Black/African American
2216        White/Caucasian
2217 Black/African American
2218                   <NA>
2219        White/Caucasian
2220        White/Caucasian
2221                   <NA>
2222                   <NA>
2223        White/Caucasian
2224        White/Caucasian
2225                   <NA>
2226 Black/African American
2227        White/Caucasian
2228        White/Caucasian
2229 Black/African American
2230 Black/African American
2231        White/Caucasian
2232 Black/African American
2233        White/Caucasian
2234        White/Caucasian
2235                   <NA>
2236        White/Caucasian
2237        White/Caucasian
2238                  Other
2239        White/Caucasian
2240                  Other
2241                   <NA>
2242 Black/African American
2243        White/Caucasian
2244                   <NA>
2245                  Other
2246        White/Caucasian
2247                  Other
2248                   <NA>
2249        White/Caucasian
2250                  Other
2251        White/Caucasian
2252 Black/African American
2253                  Other
2254 Black/African American
2255 Black/African American
2256 Black/African American
2257        White/Caucasian
2258 Black/African American
2259                  Other
2260        White/Caucasian
2261 Black/African American
2262        White/Caucasian
2263                  Other
2264 Black/African American
2265                   <NA>
2266                  Other
2267 Black/African American
2268        White/Caucasian
2269                  Other
2270                   <NA>
2271 Black/African American
2272 Black/African American
2273        White/Caucasian
2274        White/Caucasian
2275 Black/African American
2276 Black/African American
2277        White/Caucasian
2278        White/Caucasian
2279 Black/African American
2280        White/Caucasian
2281        White/Caucasian
2282 Black/African American
2283 Black/African American
2284                   <NA>
2285        White/Caucasian
2286 Black/African American
2287                  Other
2288                  Other
2289                  Other
2290                  Other
2291        White/Caucasian
2292        White/Caucasian
2293 Black/African American
2294 Black/African American
2295 Black/African American
2296                  Other
2297 Black/African American
2298                   <NA>
2299                   <NA>
2300                   <NA>
2301                   <NA>
2302                   <NA>
2303 Black/African American
2304                   <NA>
2305 Black/African American
2306                   <NA>
2307                  Other
2308                   <NA>
2309                  Other
2310        White/Caucasian
2311 Black/African American
2312 Black/African American
2313 Black/African American
2314                  Other
2315        White/Caucasian
2316        White/Caucasian
2317 Black/African American
2318                   <NA>
2319        White/Caucasian
2320        White/Caucasian
2321                   <NA>
2322 Black/African American
2323                   <NA>
2324 Black/African American
2325 Black/African American
2326                  Other
2327        White/Caucasian
2328 Black/African American
2329        White/Caucasian
2330                   <NA>
2331 Black/African American
2332        White/Caucasian
2333        White/Caucasian
2334        White/Caucasian
2335 Black/African American
2336        White/Caucasian
2337 Black/African American
2338 Black/African American
2339 Black/African American
2340 Black/African American
2341 Black/African American
2342 Black/African American
2343                   <NA>
2344                   <NA>
2345                   <NA>
2346 Black/African American
2347        White/Caucasian
2348        White/Caucasian
2349                   <NA>
2350                   <NA>
2351        White/Caucasian
2352 Black/African American
2353 Black/African American
2354 Black/African American
2355        White/Caucasian
2356        White/Caucasian
2357        White/Caucasian
2358                  Other
2359                   <NA>
2360 Black/African American
2361        White/Caucasian
2362 Black/African American
2363        White/Caucasian
2364                   <NA>
2365                   <NA>
2366 Black/African American
2367        White/Caucasian
2368        White/Caucasian
2369 Black/African American
2370 Black/African American
2371 Black/African American
2372                   <NA>
2373                   <NA>
2374                  Other
2375 Black/African American
2376                   <NA>
2377                   <NA>
2378        White/Caucasian
2379                   <NA>
2380                   <NA>
2381 Black/African American
2382        White/Caucasian
2383 Black/African American
2384        White/Caucasian
2385        White/Caucasian
2386                  Other
2387        White/Caucasian
2388        White/Caucasian
2389                   <NA>
2390                  Other
2391        White/Caucasian
2392        White/Caucasian
2393 Black/African American
2394                   <NA>
2395        White/Caucasian
2396                   <NA>
2397 Black/African American
2398 Black/African American
2399 Black/African American
2400        White/Caucasian
2401        White/Caucasian
2402        White/Caucasian
2403        White/Caucasian
2404        White/Caucasian
2405 Black/African American
2406        White/Caucasian
2407 Black/African American
2408                   <NA>
2409 Black/African American
2410        White/Caucasian
2411 Black/African American
2412        White/Caucasian
2413                   <NA>
2414        White/Caucasian
2415 Black/African American
2416        White/Caucasian
2417        White/Caucasian
2418                  Other
2419 Black/African American
2420 Black/African American
2421        White/Caucasian
2422 Black/African American
2423        White/Caucasian
2424        White/Caucasian
2425 Black/African American
2426 Black/African American
2427                  Other
2428        White/Caucasian
2429 Black/African American
2430        White/Caucasian
2431        White/Caucasian
2432        White/Caucasian
2433                  Other
2434        White/Caucasian
2435                  Other
2436 Black/African American
2437 Black/African American
2438        White/Caucasian
2439        White/Caucasian
2440                   <NA>
2441 Black/African American
2442                   <NA>
2443 Black/African American
2444                  Other
2445        White/Caucasian
2446                   <NA>
2447 Black/African American
2448        White/Caucasian
2449                  Other
2450 Black/African American
2451 Black/African American
2452 Black/African American
2453 Black/African American
2454        White/Caucasian
2455 Black/African American
2456                  Other
2457                  Other
2458 Black/African American
2459 Black/African American
2460                  Other
2461                   <NA>
2462 Black/African American
2463        White/Caucasian
2464                  Other
2465                   <NA>
2466        White/Caucasian
2467        White/Caucasian
2468 Black/African American
2469        White/Caucasian
2470        White/Caucasian
2471 Black/African American
2472                  Other
2473        White/Caucasian
2474                  Other
2475 Black/African American
2476        White/Caucasian
2477                   <NA>
2478        White/Caucasian
2479        White/Caucasian
2480                   <NA>
2481        White/Caucasian
2482 Black/African American
2483 Black/African American
2484 Black/African American
2485 Black/African American
2486        White/Caucasian
2487 Black/African American
2488                  Other
2489 Black/African American
2490        White/Caucasian
2491 Black/African American
2492 Black/African American
2493        White/Caucasian
2494        White/Caucasian
2495                   <NA>
2496 Black/African American
2497                  Other
2498                   <NA>
2499        White/Caucasian
2500        White/Caucasian
2501        White/Caucasian
2502                   <NA>
2503                   <NA>
2504        White/Caucasian
2505                   <NA>
2506                  Other
2507        White/Caucasian
2508        White/Caucasian
2509 Black/African American
2510                   <NA>
2511        White/Caucasian
2512 Black/African American
2513 Black/African American
2514                   <NA>
2515        White/Caucasian
2516                   <NA>
2517 Black/African American
2518        White/Caucasian
2519                   <NA>
2520                  Other
2521 Black/African American
2522                   <NA>
2523 Black/African American
2524                   <NA>
2525        White/Caucasian
2526 Black/African American
2527        White/Caucasian
2528 Black/African American
2529        White/Caucasian
2530                   <NA>
2531                   <NA>
2532                  Other
2533 Black/African American
2534 Black/African American
2535        White/Caucasian
2536 Black/African American
2537        White/Caucasian
2538 Black/African American
2539 Black/African American
2540        White/Caucasian
2541                  Other
2542 Black/African American
2543        White/Caucasian
2544        White/Caucasian
2545                   <NA>
2546 Black/African American
2547                   <NA>
2548                  Other
2549 Black/African American
2550 Black/African American
2551 Black/African American
2552 Black/African American
2553 Black/African American
2554                   <NA>
2555        White/Caucasian
2556        White/Caucasian
2557 Black/African American
2558 Black/African American
2559                   <NA>
2560        White/Caucasian
2561 Black/African American
2562        White/Caucasian
2563        White/Caucasian
2564 Black/African American
2565        White/Caucasian
2566        White/Caucasian
2567        White/Caucasian
2568        White/Caucasian
2569        White/Caucasian
2570        White/Caucasian
2571        White/Caucasian
2572                  Other
2573 Black/African American
2574 Black/African American
2575                  Other
2576 Black/African American
2577 Black/African American
2578                   <NA>
2579                  Other
2580                  Other
2581        White/Caucasian
2582        White/Caucasian
2583                  Other
2584 Black/African American
2585                   <NA>
2586        White/Caucasian
2587                  Other
2588                   <NA>
2589                  Other
2590                   <NA>
2591 Black/African American
2592        White/Caucasian
2593        White/Caucasian
2594 Black/African American
2595 Black/African American
2596                   <NA>
2597        White/Caucasian
2598 Black/African American
2599 Black/African American
2600                  Other
2601 Black/African American
2602 Black/African American
2603 Black/African American
2604                  Other
2605                   <NA>
2606                  Other
2607                   <NA>
2608        White/Caucasian
2609 Black/African American
2610 Black/African American
2611                  Other
2612 Black/African American
2613                   <NA>
2614        White/Caucasian
2615                   <NA>
2616        White/Caucasian
2617                   <NA>
2618                  Other
2619 Black/African American
2620 Black/African American
2621        White/Caucasian
2622 Black/African American
2623 Black/African American
2624 Black/African American
2625        White/Caucasian
2626 Black/African American
2627                   <NA>
2628                  Other
2629                  Other
2630        White/Caucasian
2631        White/Caucasian
2632 Black/African American
2633                  Other
2634        White/Caucasian
2635        White/Caucasian
2636 Black/African American
2637 Black/African American
2638        White/Caucasian
2639        White/Caucasian
2640                   <NA>
2641 Black/African American
2642        White/Caucasian
2643        White/Caucasian
2644 Black/African American
2645 Black/African American
2646        White/Caucasian
2647        White/Caucasian
2648 Black/African American
2649                  Other
2650 Black/African American
2651        White/Caucasian
2652 Black/African American
2653        White/Caucasian
2654        White/Caucasian
2655        White/Caucasian
2656                  Other
2657                  Other
2658        White/Caucasian
2659                   <NA>
2660        White/Caucasian
2661                   <NA>
2662        White/Caucasian
2663                   <NA>
2664 Black/African American
2665        White/Caucasian
2666 Black/African American
2667        White/Caucasian
2668        White/Caucasian
2669 Black/African American
2670                   <NA>
2671 Black/African American
2672                   <NA>
2673        White/Caucasian
2674        White/Caucasian
2675 Black/African American
2676                  Other
2677 Black/African American
2678        White/Caucasian
2679 Black/African American
2680        White/Caucasian
2681 Black/African American
2682 Black/African American
2683                   <NA>
2684 Black/African American
2685 Black/African American
2686 Black/African American
2687                   <NA>
2688        White/Caucasian
2689                   <NA>
2690        White/Caucasian
2691 Black/African American
2692        White/Caucasian
2693 Black/African American
2694 Black/African American
2695 Black/African American
2696                   <NA>
2697        White/Caucasian
2698                  Other
2699                   <NA>
2700 Black/African American
2701 Black/African American
2702                   <NA>
2703        White/Caucasian
2704                   <NA>
2705        White/Caucasian
2706        White/Caucasian
2707        White/Caucasian
2708 Black/African American
2709                   <NA>
2710        White/Caucasian
2711                   <NA>
2712                  Other
2713 Black/African American
2714        White/Caucasian
2715        White/Caucasian
2716 Black/African American
2717        White/Caucasian
2718                   <NA>
2719        White/Caucasian
2720        White/Caucasian
2721        White/Caucasian
2722        White/Caucasian
2723 Black/African American
2724                  Other
2725                   <NA>
2726                  Other
2727 Black/African American
2728                   <NA>

`starts_with`, `ends_with`

Select all columns starting with “birth”:

hrs_00 |> 
  select(starts_with("birth")) |> 
  names()

[1] "birthyr"   "birthmo"   "birthdate"

Select all columns ending with “e”:

hrs_00 |> 
  select(ends_with("e")) |> 
  names()

[1] "degree"    "birthdate" "income"

Select columns by data type

We can also select variables based on data types
where() is a helper function that returns columns where the inside function is TRUE,
- We can use is.numeric, is.character, or is.factor to select columns of a certain data type

hrs_00 |> 
  select(where(is.factor)) |>
  names()

 [1] "hhid"          "pn"            "diab"          "degree"       
 [5] "proxy"         "coupled"       "sex"           "race_original"
 [9] "smoke_ever"    "smoke_now"     "drink"         "srh"          
[13] "act_vig"       "bp"            "cancer"        "lung"         
[17] "hrt"           "strk"          "psych"         "sleep"        
[21] "arth"          "income3cat"

Wrap-up

We learned several more advanced techniques for transforming rows and columns:
- Combining conditions with &, |, and %in%
- Checking your work with arrange() and count()
- Working with factors
- Create new variables based on conditions
- Select columns by name pattern or data type

Resources

See this slide from a previous BERD workshop.
Also read the filter section in the “Data Transformation” chapter from R for Data Science (2e)
Click here for a useful reference for all the different operators (both logical and comparison) that you can use.
See more examples from the {tidyselect} webpage.

Data transformation: Advanced

More advanced data transformations

Combining conditions with &, |, and %in%

Applying relational operators to filter rows

A quick example

Filtering with & (AND) criteria (1/2)

Filtering with & (AND) criteria (2/2)

Filtering with | (OR) criteria

Filtering with %in% (1/2)

Filtering with %in% (2/2)

Checking your work with arrange() and count()